tamperfinderElectric vehicles (EVs) are rapidly transforming India’s transportation landscape, running silently on roads without contributing to air pollution. Until 2017, the presence of EVs in India was minimal, but by 2025, their numbers have grown significantly, marking a crucial shift towards sustainable mobility. This transition is imperative, as the transport sector accounts for 18% (94 MTOE) of India’s total energy consumption and emits 142 million tonnes of carbon dioxide annually, with road transport alone contributing 123 million tonnes. India’s poor Air Quality Index ranking in 2024 underscores the urgent need to transition from internal combustion (IC) engine vehicles to EVs.
Despite their higher initial cost, EVs offer significantly lower running and maintenance expenses, making them a cost-effective alternative in the long run. Recent market trends indicate growing consumer interest in EVs, with sales increasing by 20.88% as of May 2024. Notably, more than 50% of three-wheelers sold in 2024 were electric, while EV penetration in two-wheelers and cars stood at 5% and 2%, respectively. In the financial year 2023-24, EV sales recorded a 40.31% growth compared to the previous year, signalling a strong momentum toward electrification.
EV Technology and Energy Consumption
EVs utilize battery packs of varying capacities, determining their range and energy consumption. A wide range of electric scooters from leading manufacturers such as Ather, Ola, TVS, Bajaj, Hero MotoCorp, and Revolt are available today. The range of an electric vehicle depends on its battery capacity, determining the distance it can travel on a full charge. Consumers should assess their daily commuting needs and select a vehicle that best suits their usage patterns. While EVs have a higher upfront cost than IC engine vehicles, those covering longer distances daily can recover the additional investment more quickly through fuel savings. Vehicles with higher-range capabilities tend to be more expensive, so for shorter commutes, opting for a lower-range model can be more cost-effective. Additionally, brands like Ather, Ola, and Hero Vida offer fast-charging systems, enhancing convenience for users. For instance, the Ather 450X Gen 2 electric scooter is equipped with a 2.9 kWh lithium-ion battery, providing a range of 85 km on a full charge. With an electricity consumption of 2.9 units per charge, the cost per kilometre travelled is less than ₹0.30, making it a highly economical alternative to petrol-powered two-wheelers. The vehicle features a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) with IP66 ingress protection, and its battery has IP67 protection, ensuring reliability and efficiency.
Similarly, electric cars are gaining popularity, with leading manufacturers such as Tata Motors, MG, Hyundai, Mahindra, Citroën, and Kia introducing a range of models. The Tata Nexon EV, for instance, is available in both long-range (390 km) and medium-range (275 km) variants, powered by 40.5 kWh and 30 kWh battery packs, respectively. These vehicles use PMSM motors and comply with the CCS2 charging standard, ensuring faster and standardized charging solutions. The cost of operating an electric car is less than ₹1 per kilometre, making it an economically viable alternative to conventional fuel-powered vehicles, especially for those covering long distances.
Challenges and the Way Forward
While EV adoption is accelerating, challenges remain. Limited fast-charging infrastructure, higher upfront costs, and range constraints compared to IC engine vehicles are key concerns. However, with advancements in battery technology, expansion of charging networks, and government incentives, these challenges are being progressively addressed. The integration of EVs with renewable energy sources can further enhance energy efficiency and stabilize grid demand, positioning them as a critical component in India’s transition to a low-carbon economy.
Tesla’s Entry into India: A Catalyst for EV Growth and Infrastructure Development
Tesla EVs are expected to make their debut in India soon, potentially intensifying market competition, enhancing consumer awareness, and accelerating the adoption of electric vehicles. This could pressure existing EV manufacturers to innovate and improve their offerings. One of the major challenges for EV adoption remains the need for frequent charging after covering long distances. The availability of advanced battery-swapping technology could significantly boost the sector by addressing range limitations and reducing downtime. A surge in EV adoption driven by Tesla’s presence may also lead to increased electricity demand, necessitating grid modernization and infrastructure expansion. As the power sector gears up to support the EV revolution, stakeholders must prioritize the development of smart charging solutions, advancements in battery efficiency, and seamless integration of renewable energy sources to ensure sustainable growth in the electric mobility ecosystem. The future of transportation in India is undoubtedly electric, with the power sector playing a crucial role in shaping this transformation.
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